Many of us have presumably undergone a late-night toothache that urges us to rush out and bang on the dentist’s door for a desperate tooth extraction.
Not only humans, but even the adorable cats within the family can be afflicted by oral disorders – feline stomatitis. The cat endures severe pain, refuses to consume food, and loses weight. To address this symptom, it might be necessary to extract all the teeth! However, even after the tooth extraction, there is no guarantee that it will not relapse!!
The so-called stomatitis, in reality, is not an issue with the teeth themselves, but an excessive immune reaction.
When bacteria or viruses exist in the oral cavity, the body initiates an immune response to combat these foreign pathogens, and the number of white blood cells rises and microvessels dilate, which is referred to as inflammation.
Under normal circumstances, such an immune response can eliminate the presence of pathogens, but an excessive immune response will lead to severe inflammation and ulceration of the gums, which is commonly known as stomatitis, also known as lymphocytic plasma cell gingival stomatitis.
Although stomatitis is regarded as an excessive immune response, the precise cause of stomatitis has not been affirmed in medicine. Nevertheless, in numerous clinical cases, it seems to be associated with dental plaque and other immune system disorders.
Feline stomatitis frequently occurs in cats with specific diseases, such as feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, feline leukemia, feline AIDS, Bartonella, and so on. Particularly, cats with feline AIDS (FIV) have an abnormal immune system response, preventing their bodies from effectively combating bacterial infections in the mouth. This significantly elevates the risk of developing feline stomatitis. Hence, it is advisable to pay greater attention to daily dental cleaning and regular dental care for cats to minimize the likelihood of oral bacteria-induced stomatitis. Additionally, other factors, such as dental issues, plaque, stress, or allergies, may trigger an abnormal immune system response, which can result in stomatitis in cats.
Currently, stomatitis is widely observed visually and is classified into two principal categories.
01.When the inflammation extends beyond the gum and spreads to the alveolar mucosa and even the lip mucosa, it is termed alveolar mucositis (stomatitis).
02. At the back of the mouth, from the side of the oropharynx to the palatine arch, there is inflammation and pebble-like hyperplasia, known as tail stomatitis (belonging to stomatitis).
Generally, this is the most challenging to treat, the most prone to recurrence, and the most common type of stomatitis. The gums and the interior of a cat’s mouth might be red, swollen, bleeding, and ulcerated. Due to the pain, the cat might exhibit behavioral traits such as scratching the mouth, the chin, drooling, and refusing to eat. Once the owner discovers that the cat has the aforementioned conditions, they should promptly visit the veterinary clinic for an examination to prevent further deterioration of the situation.
The ideal treatment objective for any disease is complete elimination, such as feline stomatitis; however, there is currently no 100% effective treatment available. In most circumstances, all that can be accomplished is to keep the severe inflammation under control and enable the cat to resume normal eating, often without completely reducing the inflammation.
What we can undertake:
- Eliminate the mediators that trigger inflammation
However, it remains unknown exactly what the specific mediators encompass, and the problem is most likely to arise in the teeth. Tooth extraction is a more efficacious method in clinical practice. - If tooth removal is not chosen, drugs can be utilized to suppress the immune system’s function to control the occurrence of inflammation.
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The formation of stomatitis remains unclear, thus there is no means to prevent it. Nevertheless, preventive measures such as regular vaccination to prevent calicivirus infection, providing good oral care for cats (gargling, brushing, etc.), good feeding management, and conducting a thorough physical examination when a new cat enters the household can reduce the risk of oral diseases in cats.